Quantum Computing

 Abstract

        This post is about Quantum Computing. In this post shows us what is quantum information, quantum computer what are the motivations to build a quantum computer, history of quantum computing, how quantum computer works, small description about qubit, superposition in quantum physics, entanglement in quantum, applicable use cases and uses of quantum computing, advantages and disadvantages of quantum computing.

Quantum Information

        In relatively large systems, much of information is stored – books, text, messages, DNA, computers. Quantum information is data contained in very small qubits- called structures. Due to theory of superposition qubits can be in both of their possible states at once, unlike the “classical bits” in your computer. This opens up new prospects in information technology that are fascinating. 

    Quantum information can be processed using digital computers, distributed from one location to another, manipulated by algorithms, and analyzed using computer science and mathematics, such as classical information. Recently, because of the potential to disrupt modern computing, communication, and cryptography, the field of quantum computing has become an active research area.

    In several striking and unfamiliar ways, quantum information varies strongly from classical information, epitomized by the bit. Whereas the basic unit of classical information is the bit, the qubit is the most basic unit of quantum information. Classical information is calculated using Shannon entropy, while von Neumann entropy is the quantum mechanical equivalent.

1.1 Figure

Quantum Computer

    Quantum computing is the technique of using quantum mechanics to rapidly and effectively solve complex and large operations. Similarly, a quantum computer is used to perform Quantum computations as classical computers are used for performing classical computations. Quantum computations are so difficult to solve the classical computers find it almost impossible to solve them.

    

         In physics, the term ‘Quantum’ comes from the principle of Quantum Mechanics, which explains the physical characteristics of electrons and photons. The basic structure for profoundly explaining and interpreting nature is Quantum. This is, thus the explanation why quantum calculation deal with uncertainty. A subfield of Quantum Information Technology is Quantum Computing. The best way to deal with a complex computation is defined. Quantum-mechanics is based on the superposition and entanglement phenomena used in quantum computing. A quantum computer that is distinct from a classical computer is used to perform Quantum calculations. Although the notion of quantum computing came earlier, it did not gain much attention then.

       

There are several models of quantum computing. The most widely used model is the quantum circuit. Quantum circuits are based on the quantum bit, or "qubit" Qubits can be in a 1 or 0 quantum state, or a superposition of the 1 and 0 states. Computation is performed by manipulating qubits with quantum logic gates. There are currently two main approaches to physically implementing a quantum computer: analog and digital. Both approaches use qubits, which are prone to quantum decoherence and error correction. In particular, quantum computers require significant error correction as they are far more prone to errors than classical computers.

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Motivation to Build Quantum Computer

        Quantum computer is important to recognize that in order to build a wider understanding of quantum computers, they would actually offer enormous speed-ups with very particular typed of problems. Researchers are trying to learn which concerns are suitable for quantum speed-ups. In general, quantum computers are believed to assist greatly with optimization-related concerns. There are also some additional uses for qubits systems that are not computer or simulation based and are operational. There are two most prominent areas are:

1.  Quantum sensing and metrology, which exploit the extreme environmental sensitivity of qubits, are two of the most popular fields.
2.  Quantum network 

History of Quantum computing

        Application of quantum mechanics prior to the 1970s typically involved a gross level of control over a bulk sample containing an enormous number of quantum mechanical systems, none of them directly accessible. Since 1970s many techniques for controlling single quantum systems have been developed. The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to move single atoms around, creating designer arrays of atoms. Electronic devices whose operation involves the transfer of only single electrons have been demonstrated.

The ability to control single quantum systems is essential if we are to harness the power of quantum mechanics for applications to quantum mechanics, says Hawking. We are just now taking our first steps along these lines, and already a few interesting surprises have been discovered in this regime, he says. They provide a useful series of challenges at varied levels of difficulty for people devising methods to better manipulate single quantum system. They stimulate the development of new experimental techniques and provide guidance as to the most interesting directions in which to take experiment. The author is the co-founder of the California Institute of Technology.

Quantum computing began in the early 1980s when physicist Paul Benioff proposed a quantum mechanical model of the Turing machine. Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin

later suggested that a quantum computer had the potential to simulate things that a classical computer could not. Despite ongoing experimental progress since the late 1990s, most researchers believe fault-tolerant quantum computing is still a "rather distant dream" In October 2019, Google AI and NASA claimed to have performed a quantum computation that is infeasible on any classical computer. There are several models of quantum computing, including the quantum circuit, quantum Turing machine, adiabatic quantum computer, one-way quantum computer and various quantum cellular automata. 

How work Quantum Computer

            Centered on the probability of the state of an entity before it is calculated, quantum computers conduct calculations. Exponentially, they method. using the definite location of a physical state, classical computers perform logical operations. Typically these are binary, meaning processes are based on one. in quantum computation, operations use an object’s quantum state to obtain what is known as a qubit instead.in a mixed superposition, unmeasured quantum states exist, not unlike a coin spinning in the air. With those of other objects, superposition can be entangled, meaning their results will be mathematically related. To make quick work of problems, the complicated mathematics underlying these unsettled states of interconnected ‘spinning coins’ can be plugged into special algorithms. For instance, such algorithms could be useful in generating hard-to-break security codes.

Qubit

           Quantum bits are the subatomic particles that are composed of electrons or photons. It is difficult to generate and manage Qubits, and it is a challenging task for scientists who are working in this field. Researches make use of microwave beams or lasers for manipulating qubits. A connected group of quantum bits or qubits has much more power than the same binary digit number. Bit is the most fundamental concept in computer science. There are two state for the bits in classical computation, which are 0 and 1. Nevertheless, the subjects are completely different in quantum space. atomic particles behave like a wave and they do not have deterministic position. As a result, quantum information and computation benefited from its foundation, which is quantum bit or qubit. Many complex problems are now solved by quantum computers in much shorter times and less complexity. Shor's algorithm for factoring large numbers and Grover's for finding marked items in huge databases among others. Classical computers consist of circuits and wires and bit streams which forms data units. Some of the most well-known of these single qubit gates are shown here.

Superposition

            Quantum deals with the smallest particles in existence, i.e. electrons and photons. In this, superposition determines the capacity of the quantum system. In example a time machine in which person may be present at one or more locations at the same time is known as a superposition.

        Superposition is the tendency of the quantum system to be in several states at the same time as it is calculated. The basic theory of quantum mechanics is also demonstrated by an experiment carried out in 1801 by the English physicist, Thomas young. Young’s double-slit experiment is being used to help people understand how electrons behave like waves and create patterns of interference. Tomorrow’s quantum supercomputers can process information as qubits- one,zero or superposition of the two states, says Jürgen Rieckhoff, professor of quantum computing at the university of Copenhagen. “the idea of overlay has significant consequences for how information can be processed and stored in the future,” he says. Back home to mail online. Back home to mail online. Back to the page you’ve just come from. Return to the place you came to.

Entanglement

        In quantum computation, entanglement will also play a part, as qubits will be enmeshed. Others achieve the target location immediately by weighing several of them. Now that we are a little familiar with quantum assemblage, we are primed for quantum mechanics’ ultimate puzzling surprise: entanglement. Entanglement would cause one to lose one last one last soothing confidence, namely that, in terms of their voters, assembled complex structures can be thoroughly understood.

A very strong association between quantum particles is characterized by entanglement. These particles are so tightly intertwined that even if we place one particle at one end of the universe and the other end of the universe, both dance instantly. Einstein identifies entanglement as ‘spooky distance behavior’. Entanglement therefore defines the strong bond between the particles where distance is not relevant. Entanglement measures philosophy, focusing more on the two-party finite dimensional case. Subjects protected include : exploitation of single-copy and asymptotic entanglement; cost of entanglement; In this, discuss the principle of measures of entanglement, focusing mainly on the two-party case of the finite field. Topics discussed include: abuse of single-copy and asympototic entanglements, creations entangency, relative entropic steps and squashed entanglement.

Applicable use case of Quantum Computing

• Cybersecurity: to secure data from hacking, we need a very good cybersecurity scheme. Classical machines are strong enough for cyber defense, but they are compromised by insecure threats and assaults. Scientists in this area deal on quantum computers. 
•  Cryptography is also an area of protection in which quantum computers help to establish cryptographic strategies to security deliver packets to the network. This invention of encryption methods is referred to as quantum cryptography. 
•  Weather Forecasting : Even quantum systems are able to predict more detailed climate models with perfect timings. Quantum computers have enhanced power to analyze, recognize the patterns, and forecast the whether in a short period.  
  
• AI and Machine Learning: Via AI and machine learning, several tools, applications, and features have been developed. As a consequence, classical systems have been challenged to balance precision and distance. Quantum computers can help manage those complicated issues with less time. 
•  Drug Design and Development: drug production is based on a system of trail and error, which is costly as well as dangerous. Researchers hope that quantum computation will become an important way to understand human being’s medications and their reactions. The day that quantum computation is able to successfully produce medications would save a lot of time and resources for the drug business. 
• Finance Marketing: only if it provides its clients with fruitful returns will the finance sector thrive in the market. To achieve growth, such industries require specific and successful strategies. The system of Monte Carlo simulations is used in traditional computers.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Quantum Computing

Advantages

            Quantum computers therefore have an critical speed advantage over classical computers. This pace gain is so important that many researchers think that there will be no possible amount of development in classical computation the difference between a classical computer’s power and quantum computer’s power can be solved. Quantum computing can handle a finite amount of noise in general, unlike analog computing, and yet maintain its computational benefits. Not just that, but also the advantage of quantum computation is that much more efficient functions can be measured using qubits and quantum gates. And also there is ability to solve scientific and commercial problems. Quantum computing is increased the security of the data. they are used to protect protected web sites, encrypted messages, and many other forms of data.

Disadvantage

        Quantum computers are difficult to build and program. They are crippled by errors in the form of noise, faults and loss of quantum coherence. If we get quantum technology right, the benefits should lift the entire economy and enhance U.S. competitiveness. The breakthrough is probably several years away, says Amitai Etzioni, founder of the California Institute for Sensorative Engineering. The benefits should be felt in the finance, retail business and physics fields, authors say. No existing hardware platform can maintain coherence and provide the robust error correction required for large-scale computation. And also hard to control quantum particles. Not only that which is expensive and difficult to build.